1. First Amendment Act, 1951 : inserted articles – 31-A , 31-B. Added 9th schedule.
2. 24th Amendment Act : - Inserting Cl (4) in Art. 13; amended Art. 368. The object of the amendment was to clarify that the Parliament has the power to amend every part of the constitution. The intention was to wipe out the effect of Golak Nath case, After the Amendment the President is bound to asent to a constitution Amendment Bill.
3. 25th Amendment Act: - The jurisdiction of the courts to determine the adequacy of compensation on acquisition of property was taken away;
4. 35th Amendment Act: - Added 10th Schedule; Sikkim was made an associate state.
5. 36th Amendment Act: - Sikkim was made a full fledged state.
6. 42nd Amendment Act: - The power of judicial review of Courts was restricted; DPSP were given precedence over Fundamental Rights; Fundamental Duties were added; Term of Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha was raised from five to six years; Preamble was altered to add Socialist, Secular and integrity; The validity of the Constitutional Amendment cannot be questioned in any court – 368-(4); Quorum for the lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha removed. Established supremacy of parliament.
7. 44th Amendment Act: - The Fundamental Right to Property was abolished; the term of Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies of the State reduced to 5 years. It was provided that disputes relating to the election of the President and the Vice President shall be decided by the Supreme Court and that of election of member of Parliament and the State legislature shall be decided by the High Court. The National Emergency shall not be proclaimed except on the written recommendation of the Cabinet. The right to Life and personal liberty and he liberty of the press was restored.
8. 52nd Amendment Act:- Provision relating to the anti-defection law were added in the constitution.
9. 61st Amendment Act:- The minimum age limit prescribed to get voting right was reduced to 18 years from 21 years.
10. 69th Amendment Act: - The UT of Delhi was named as National Capital Territory of Delhi. It also provided for a 70 members state assembly.
11. 71st Amendment Act: - Nepali, Konkani and Manipuri languages included in the 8th Schedule.
12. 73rd Amendment Act: - Provision relating to the constitution, elections, finance and functions of Panchyat Raj Bodies.
13. 74th Amendment Act: - Provision relating to the constitution, elections, finance and functions of Municipalities.
14. 86th Amendment Act: - The new Art. 21-A deals with Right to Education to all children of the age six to fourteen years was added.
15. 87th Amendment Act: - The basis of delimitation of constituencies to be the population of 2001 in place of 1991.
16. 89th Amendment Act: - Provision for constitution of separate National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
17. 91st Amendment Act: - The strength of Council of Ministers both at the centre and in states, to be fixed at 15% of the total membership of the lower house.
18. 92nd Amendment Act: - inclusion of Maithili, Bodo, Dogri and Santhali.
19. 93rd Amendment Act: - Reservation of admission in private unaided educational institutions for students belonging to SC/ St and OBC.
20. 94th Amendment Act: - Free Bihar from the obligation of having a tribal welfare minister and extended the same provision to Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. This provision will now be applicable to the M.P. and Orissa.
21. 98th Amendment Act: - is related to the constitution of National Judicial Commission.
Sunday, June 20, 2010
Monday, June 14, 2010
Formation of Internatioanl Organisation
1. F.A.O. - 16Oct, 1945 H.Q - Rome
2. I.L.O. - 11April, 1919 H.Q. - Geneva
3. W.H.O. - 7 April , 1948 H.Q. - Geneva
4. U.N.E.S.C.O. - 14 Nov, 1946 H.Q. - Paris Head - Irina Bokova
5. I.C.A.O. - 4 April , 1947 H.Q. - Montreal (Geneva)
6. W.M.O. - 19 March, 1951 H.Q. - Geneva
7. U.N.I.C.E.F. - 11Dec, 1946 H.Q. - New York
8. I.M.O. - 1948
9. I.A.E.A - 29July, 1957 H.Q. - Vienna Head - Yukiya Amano
10. U.N.H.R.C. - 1 Jan, 1951 H.Q. - Geneva
11. World Bank - 1944
12. IMF - 27Dce 1945.
13. U.N.I.D.O - 1967
14. W.T.O. - 1 Jan, 1995
15. W.I.P.O. - 1967 H.Q. - Geneva
16. Arab League - 22 March, 1945 H.Q. - Egypt (Kahira)
17. S.A.A.R.C - 8 Dec, 1985 H.Q. - Kathmandu
18. O.P.E.C. - 1960 H.Q. - Vienna
19. Commonwealth - 1931 H.Q. - London Head - Kamlesh Sharma
20. NAM - 1961 Belgrade
21. Red Cross - 1863 by Henry Dunant H.Q. - Geneva
22. ASEAN 1967 - Jakarta
23. Amnesty International - 1961. Head - Salil Shetty
24. APEC - 1981 H.Q. - Singapore
25. G-8 - 22Dec, 1985
26. INTERPOL - 1923 H.Q. - Lyon (France)
27. G-15 - 1Sept. 1989 H.Q. - Belgrade
28. G - 77 - 1964
29. NATO - 4 April , 1949 H.Q. - Brussels (Belgium)
30. A.D.B. - 1966 H.Q. - Manila
2. I.L.O. - 11April, 1919 H.Q. - Geneva
3. W.H.O. - 7 April , 1948 H.Q. - Geneva
4. U.N.E.S.C.O. - 14 Nov, 1946 H.Q. - Paris Head - Irina Bokova
5. I.C.A.O. - 4 April , 1947 H.Q. - Montreal (Geneva)
6. W.M.O. - 19 March, 1951 H.Q. - Geneva
7. U.N.I.C.E.F. - 11Dec, 1946 H.Q. - New York
8. I.M.O. - 1948
9. I.A.E.A - 29July, 1957 H.Q. - Vienna Head - Yukiya Amano
10. U.N.H.R.C. - 1 Jan, 1951 H.Q. - Geneva
11. World Bank - 1944
12. IMF - 27Dce 1945.
13. U.N.I.D.O - 1967
14. W.T.O. - 1 Jan, 1995
15. W.I.P.O. - 1967 H.Q. - Geneva
16. Arab League - 22 March, 1945 H.Q. - Egypt (Kahira)
17. S.A.A.R.C - 8 Dec, 1985 H.Q. - Kathmandu
18. O.P.E.C. - 1960 H.Q. - Vienna
19. Commonwealth - 1931 H.Q. - London Head - Kamlesh Sharma
20. NAM - 1961 Belgrade
21. Red Cross - 1863 by Henry Dunant H.Q. - Geneva
22. ASEAN 1967 - Jakarta
23. Amnesty International - 1961. Head - Salil Shetty
24. APEC - 1981 H.Q. - Singapore
25. G-8 - 22Dec, 1985
26. INTERPOL - 1923 H.Q. - Lyon (France)
27. G-15 - 1Sept. 1989 H.Q. - Belgrade
28. G - 77 - 1964
29. NATO - 4 April , 1949 H.Q. - Brussels (Belgium)
30. A.D.B. - 1966 H.Q. - Manila
Sunday, June 13, 2010
Important books and journals before 1947
1. Nil- Darpan - Dinbandhu Mitra.
2. New India – Bipin Pal
3.New India – Annie Besant
4. Commonweal – Annie Besant
5. Kesri – B.G.Tilak.
6. Maratha – B. G. Tilak.
7. A Nation In Making – S. N. Banerjee.
8. Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India – Dada Bhai Naroji.
9. Economic History of India – R. C. Dutt.
10. The Nations Voice – C. Raja Gopalchari.
11. Conquest of Self – Mahatma Gandhi.
12. Hind Swaraj – Mahatma Gandhi
13. Indian Opinion – Mahatma Gandhi. South Africa in English
14. Young India – Mahatma Gandhi
15. Al – Hilal- Abul Kalam Azad.
16. Ghulam Giri – Jyotibha Phule
17. Bande Matram – Aurobindo Ghosh
18. New Lamps for Old – Aurobindo Ghosh
19. India and the World – J.L.Nehru.
20. Discovery of India – J.L.Nehru.
21. My Experiment with Truth – Mahatma Gandhi.
22. Harijan - Mahatma Gandhi in 1933
23. Navjivan - Mahatma Gandhi - in 1919
2. New India – Bipin Pal
3.New India – Annie Besant
4. Commonweal – Annie Besant
5. Kesri – B.G.Tilak.
6. Maratha – B. G. Tilak.
7. A Nation In Making – S. N. Banerjee.
8. Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India – Dada Bhai Naroji.
9. Economic History of India – R. C. Dutt.
10. The Nations Voice – C. Raja Gopalchari.
11. Conquest of Self – Mahatma Gandhi.
12. Hind Swaraj – Mahatma Gandhi
13. Indian Opinion – Mahatma Gandhi. South Africa in English
14. Young India – Mahatma Gandhi
15. Al – Hilal- Abul Kalam Azad.
16. Ghulam Giri – Jyotibha Phule
17. Bande Matram – Aurobindo Ghosh
18. New Lamps for Old – Aurobindo Ghosh
19. India and the World – J.L.Nehru.
20. Discovery of India – J.L.Nehru.
21. My Experiment with Truth – Mahatma Gandhi.
22. Harijan - Mahatma Gandhi in 1933
23. Navjivan - Mahatma Gandhi - in 1919
Indian Tress and Herbs with Scientific names
1. Atis - Aconitum hetrophyllumwell
2. Pattis - Aconitum palmatum
3. Metha Patis - Aconitum voiloceum
4. Bankakri - Podophyllum hexandrum
5. Banakhasa - Viola Odorata
6. Ratanjot - Calusema Pentaphyle
7. Herd - Terminalia chebula
8. Bahera - Terminalia belerica roxb
9. Brahmi - Centell Asiatica
10. Tirmur - Zantosylum alatum
11. Tulsi - Ocimum Sanctum
12. Peepal - Ficus Religiosa
13. Kuth - Saussurea lappa
14. Tejpata - Cinnamomum tamala
15. Amaltas - Cassia Fistula
16. Aamla - Emblica officianalis
17. Bhang - Cannibas sativa
2. Pattis - Aconitum palmatum
3. Metha Patis - Aconitum voiloceum
4. Bankakri - Podophyllum hexandrum
5. Banakhasa - Viola Odorata
6. Ratanjot - Calusema Pentaphyle
7. Herd - Terminalia chebula
8. Bahera - Terminalia belerica roxb
9. Brahmi - Centell Asiatica
10. Tirmur - Zantosylum alatum
11. Tulsi - Ocimum Sanctum
12. Peepal - Ficus Religiosa
13. Kuth - Saussurea lappa
14. Tejpata - Cinnamomum tamala
15. Amaltas - Cassia Fistula
16. Aamla - Emblica officianalis
17. Bhang - Cannibas sativa
Romans Gods and Planets
1. Mercury - Messanger of the God
2. Venus - The God of Love and Beauty
3. Mars - The God of War
4. Jupiter - King of Gods
5. Saturn - - Father of Jupitar and God of Agriculture
6. Uranus - God of Sky
7. Nepture - God of Sea.
INC - SESSIONS
The Annual Session of the INC
Sr. No. ---------Year -----------Place------------ President----------------- Others
1. ----28-12-1885-------- Bombay----------- W.C.Bannerjee
2. 28-12-1886---------- Calcutta------------- Dadabhai Naroji
3. 28-12-1887 ------------Madras ---------Badruddin Tayyabji-------- First Muslim Pr. of INC
4. 26-12-1888 ------------Allahabad------- George Yule ---------First English President of INC
5. 27-12-1905------------ Varanasi ----------Gopal Krishan Gokhale ---------Call for Swedeshi
6. 26-12-1906 ------------Calcutta------------ Dadabhai Naroji --------Goal of INC ‘Self Govt.’
7. 26-12-1907 ------------Surat---------------- Rashbehari Ghosh ------------Congress Split
8. 1916 -----------------Lucknow --------------Ambika Charan Muzumdar
9. 1917 -------------Calcutta ---------------Annie Besant -------------First woman President
10. 1920 -----------Calcutta --------------Lala Lajpat Rai (suspended)
11. 1920 -------------Nagpur ------------C. Vijayraghavachariar (annual)
12. 1921 ----------------Ahmedabad ----------C.R.Das (in Prison) Hakim Ajmal Khan (acting)
13. 1924 ------------Belgaum --------------Mahatma Gandhi
14. 1925 ----------- Kanpur --------Sarojini Naidu ---------1st Indian Woman President of INC
15. 1928 ----------Calcutta -------Motilal Nehru
16. 1929-30 ---------Lahore -------Jawaharlal Nehru ----Resolution on Complete Independence on 31 Dec- 1929
17. 1931 ----------Karachi ----------Vallabhbhai Patel ---------Resolution on Fundamental Rights
18. 1937 -------Faizpur --------J.L.Nehru ------------INC first session in village
19. 1938 ----------Haripura ---------S.C.Bose --------
20. 1939 ---------- Tripuri ---------S.C.Bose (later Rajendra Prasad) ---
21. 1940----------- Ramgarh------------ Mulana Abul Kalam Azad
22. 1946 ---------Meerut --------------J.B. Kriplani
Sr. No. ---------Year -----------Place------------ President----------------- Others
1. ----28-12-1885-------- Bombay----------- W.C.Bannerjee
2. 28-12-1886---------- Calcutta------------- Dadabhai Naroji
3. 28-12-1887 ------------Madras ---------Badruddin Tayyabji-------- First Muslim Pr. of INC
4. 26-12-1888 ------------Allahabad------- George Yule ---------First English President of INC
5. 27-12-1905------------ Varanasi ----------Gopal Krishan Gokhale ---------Call for Swedeshi
6. 26-12-1906 ------------Calcutta------------ Dadabhai Naroji --------Goal of INC ‘Self Govt.’
7. 26-12-1907 ------------Surat---------------- Rashbehari Ghosh ------------Congress Split
8. 1916 -----------------Lucknow --------------Ambika Charan Muzumdar
9. 1917 -------------Calcutta ---------------Annie Besant -------------First woman President
10. 1920 -----------Calcutta --------------Lala Lajpat Rai (suspended)
11. 1920 -------------Nagpur ------------C. Vijayraghavachariar (annual)
12. 1921 ----------------Ahmedabad ----------C.R.Das (in Prison) Hakim Ajmal Khan (acting)
13. 1924 ------------Belgaum --------------Mahatma Gandhi
14. 1925 ----------- Kanpur --------Sarojini Naidu ---------1st Indian Woman President of INC
15. 1928 ----------Calcutta -------Motilal Nehru
16. 1929-30 ---------Lahore -------Jawaharlal Nehru ----Resolution on Complete Independence on 31 Dec- 1929
17. 1931 ----------Karachi ----------Vallabhbhai Patel ---------Resolution on Fundamental Rights
18. 1937 -------Faizpur --------J.L.Nehru ------------INC first session in village
19. 1938 ----------Haripura ---------S.C.Bose --------
20. 1939 ---------- Tripuri ---------S.C.Bose (later Rajendra Prasad) ---
21. 1940----------- Ramgarh------------ Mulana Abul Kalam Azad
22. 1946 ---------Meerut --------------J.B. Kriplani
Friday, June 11, 2010
P.S.C. Questions
Selected Questions from Different Public Service Commissions
1.National Mela was founded by N.G.Mitra.
2.National Biodiversity Act of India came into existence in 2002
3.Terrorist attacked Indian Parliament on December 13, 2001.
4.‘The Philosophers must be the king’ – Plato.
5.Mandal Commission Report was implemented in 1990.
6.The Supreme court of India was set up by the Regulating Act, 1773.
7.Indian Telephone industries Ltd. is located at Banglore.
8.‘Patriotism is religion and religion is love for India” – Swami Vivekananda.
9.J.L.Nehru prepared the draft of the ‘Quit India’ resolution.
10. First Indian to start an agitation on political reforms – B.G.Tilak.
11. The women’s movement in India started largely under inspiration of Padmabai Ranaday.
12. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was prisoned in the Banikpur jail in 1942.
13. ‘Village on wheels’ project was started by Indian Railway in 2004.
14. Salim Group was permitted to set up SEZ at Nandi gram.
15. The mobile court in India is the brain child of Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam.
16. After the amendment in Indian Constitution by the Parliament on August 14, 2007, the number of castes in the list of Scheduled Castes is 1206.
17. Liver is affected by the consumption of Aflatoxin food adulterant.
18. Et-mad-Ud-Daula’s tomb at Agra was built by Noorjahan.
19. Radha Mohan Cup is associated with Polo.
20. Naval Air Station ‘Garud’ is situated at Kochin.
21. First Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya at Varanashi was founded by Jonathan Duncan.
22. The Samadhi of Raja Rammohan Roy is in Bristal, England.
23. The minimum distance between Sun and Earth occurs on January 3.
24. J.L.Nehru had written his famous book ‘Discovery of India’ in Ahmadnagar Fort prison.
25. Lord Mayo was the person in India who conducted Census of Population for the first time.
26. Bagalihar hydroelectric power project in J & K is located on Chenab river.
27. Canada is credited with the establishment of ‘Uranium City’.
28. The symbol of World Wildlife Fund is – red panda.
29. Sea water can be converted into pure water by reverse osmosis.
30. Indian PM Manmohan Singh is an elected member of Rajya Sabha from Assam.
31. ‘Andha-yug’ was written by Dharam Veer Bharti.
32. Pearl is mainly constituted of calcium carbonate.
33. Minamata disease is caused by Mercury.
34. World famous ‘Finger lake region’ is located in USA.
35. First fully computer literate district in India is Malappuram.
Making of constitution - 7
Judiciary
Supreme Court
1. Art. 124: - Supreme Court consists of Chief Justice and not more than 30 other judges.
2. Appointment:- He has been a High Court Judge for at least 5 years or has been an advocate of a High Court for at least 10 years.
3. No minimum age is prescribed for appointment as a judge of Supreme Court. Judges hold offices until he attains the age of 65 years.
4. The only grounds upon which he may be removed are: ‘proved misbehavior’ & incapacity.
5. Art. 126: - When the office of Chief Justice is vacant or he is unable to discharge his duties, the duties of the Chief Justice shall be performed by such one of the Judges of the Supreme Court as President may appoint for the purpose. (Acting Chief Justice).
6. Art. 127:- Appointment of adhoc Judges.
7. Art. 129: - The SC is a court of records and in this capacity it enjoys the power to punish for its contempt.
8. Art. 131: - Original jurisdiction- Certain types of cases such as dispute between the centre and states and dispute between two or more states.
9. Art. 132:- Appellate Jurisdiction- The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in the country.
10. Art. 143: - Advisory Jurisdiction: - The President may ask the Supreme Court to render advice on any legal or other matter whenever he thinks it necessary. Though such advice is not binding on the President; it is respected by lower courts as precedent.
11. Art. 137: - Review of judgments or order by Supreme Courts.
12. Art. 139: - Powers to issue certain writs.
13. Art. 141: Law declared by Supreme court tobe binding on all courts.
14. Present Chief Justice of India: - Just. S. H. Kapadia has been appointed as Chief Justice of India.
15. The Supreme Court held its inaugural sitting on 28 January, 1950 in the Chamber of Princes.
16. Present Supreme Court building was designed by Ganesh Bhikaji Deolalikar. The court moved to present building in 1958.
17. At the time of constitution of Supreme court total number of judges were 1+7= 8 in 1950.
18. The first woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court was – Justice Fatima Beevi in 1987. She was followed by Sujata Manohar, Ruma Pal and Gyan Sudha Mishra.
19. D.P. Wadhwa Committee constituted by Supreme Court to monitor its orders in the PIL on the Right to Food.
20. Indian Judiciary cover PIL – Epistolary jurisdiction.
High Court
1. Art. 214:- Provision of High Court for each State.
2. Art. 215: - High courts to be court of Records.
3. Art 217: - Appointment & conditions of the office of a judge of High court.
4. Art 224: - Appointment of retired judges at sitting of high court.
5. Art 226: - Powers to issue certain writs.
6. Art 231:- Establishment of a common High Court for two or more states.
7. Qualification for appointment as High Court Judge : held for at least 10 years a judicial office / been for at least 10 years an advocate of a High Court.
8. Art 202: - Expenditure in respect of the salaries and allowancesof the judges shall be charged on consolidated fund of the state.
Supreme Court
1. Art. 124: - Supreme Court consists of Chief Justice and not more than 30 other judges.
2. Appointment:- He has been a High Court Judge for at least 5 years or has been an advocate of a High Court for at least 10 years.
3. No minimum age is prescribed for appointment as a judge of Supreme Court. Judges hold offices until he attains the age of 65 years.
4. The only grounds upon which he may be removed are: ‘proved misbehavior’ & incapacity.
5. Art. 126: - When the office of Chief Justice is vacant or he is unable to discharge his duties, the duties of the Chief Justice shall be performed by such one of the Judges of the Supreme Court as President may appoint for the purpose. (Acting Chief Justice).
6. Art. 127:- Appointment of adhoc Judges.
7. Art. 129: - The SC is a court of records and in this capacity it enjoys the power to punish for its contempt.
8. Art. 131: - Original jurisdiction- Certain types of cases such as dispute between the centre and states and dispute between two or more states.
9. Art. 132:- Appellate Jurisdiction- The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in the country.
10. Art. 143: - Advisory Jurisdiction: - The President may ask the Supreme Court to render advice on any legal or other matter whenever he thinks it necessary. Though such advice is not binding on the President; it is respected by lower courts as precedent.
11. Art. 137: - Review of judgments or order by Supreme Courts.
12. Art. 139: - Powers to issue certain writs.
13. Art. 141: Law declared by Supreme court tobe binding on all courts.
14. Present Chief Justice of India: - Just. S. H. Kapadia has been appointed as Chief Justice of India.
15. The Supreme Court held its inaugural sitting on 28 January, 1950 in the Chamber of Princes.
16. Present Supreme Court building was designed by Ganesh Bhikaji Deolalikar. The court moved to present building in 1958.
17. At the time of constitution of Supreme court total number of judges were 1+7= 8 in 1950.
18. The first woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court was – Justice Fatima Beevi in 1987. She was followed by Sujata Manohar, Ruma Pal and Gyan Sudha Mishra.
19. D.P. Wadhwa Committee constituted by Supreme Court to monitor its orders in the PIL on the Right to Food.
20. Indian Judiciary cover PIL – Epistolary jurisdiction.
High Court
1. Art. 214:- Provision of High Court for each State.
2. Art. 215: - High courts to be court of Records.
3. Art 217: - Appointment & conditions of the office of a judge of High court.
4. Art 224: - Appointment of retired judges at sitting of high court.
5. Art 226: - Powers to issue certain writs.
6. Art 231:- Establishment of a common High Court for two or more states.
7. Qualification for appointment as High Court Judge : held for at least 10 years a judicial office / been for at least 10 years an advocate of a High Court.
8. Art 202: - Expenditure in respect of the salaries and allowancesof the judges shall be charged on consolidated fund of the state.
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